Views: 79 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-01-10 Origin: www.fuchun-casting.com
Excavators are very common in our daily life, because the rapid development of excavators, high-rise buildings can be seen everywhere, especially in the mining field, is essential. So do you know what the biggest excavator in the world is? What are the factors limiting its capacity?
The largest excavator you can see now is the RH-400 of BUCYRUS, weighing about 980 tons, with a bucket capacity of 45 cubic meters and a width of 8.9 meters. This excavator may have been seen by many people. It appeared in Transformers 2: Revenge of the Fallen. The model was first built in Terex's German factory in 1997, then Bucyrus acquired Terex's mining equipment in 2010, and Caterpillar acquired Bucyrus in 2011. Then, back to the beginning, Terex acquired O&K Mining to take over large mining equipment. In addition, this model (already or soon) is not the largest, Caterpillar's new 6090FS bucket capacity can reach an astonishing 52 cubic meters.
As a product of Electromechanical-hydraulic integration, it is subject to the power of diesel engine, the conduction efficiency of hydraulic system (which has a lot of loss in the process of energy conversion, the conversion efficiency of engine is slightly higher than one third) and the strength of structural parts.
Just as aircraft building should take into account the carrying capacity of airports, ship building should take into account the handling capacity of ports, mining production as a systematic project, it should also take into account the carrying capacity of roads and the transport capacity of supporting transport equipment.
To ensure that the benefits of material mining are greater than the costs. If it's just about size, then there are super-large shovels, like electric shovels,shown below.
This is where a batch of steel meets more than one specification or grade. It is a way of allowing melting shops to produce stainless steel more efficiently by restricting the number of different types of steel. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the steel can meet more than one grade within the same standard or across a number of standards. This also allows stockholders to minimise stock levels.
For example, it is common for 1.4401 and 1.4404 (316 and 316L) to be dual certified - that is the carbon content is less than 0.030%. Steel certified to both European and US standards is also common.
There are many different types of surface finish on stainless steel. Some of these originate from the mill but many are applied later during processing, for example polished, brushed, blasted, etched and coloured finishes.
The importance of surface finish in determining the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface cannot be overemphasised. A rough surface finish can effectively lower the corrosion resistance to that of a lower grade of stainless steel.
Various types of stainless steel are used across the whole temperature range from ambient to 1100 deg C. The choice of grade depends on several factors:
In the European standards, a distinction is made between stainless steels and heat-resisting steels. However, this distinction is often blurred and it is useful to consider them as one range of steels.
Increasing amounts of Chromium and silicon impart greater oxidation resistance. Increasing amounts of Nickel impart greater carburisation resistance.
Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used for service down to as low as liquid helium temperature (-269 deg C). This is largely due to the lack of a clearly defined transition from ductile to brittle fracture in impact toughness testing.
Toughness is measured by impacting a small sample with a swinging hammer. The distance which the hammer swings after impact is a measure of the toughness. The shorter the distance, the tougher the steel as the energy of the hammer is absorbed by the sample. Toughness is measured in Joules (J). Minimum values of toughness are specified for different applications. A value of 40 J is regarded as reasonable for most service conditions.
Steels with ferritic or martensitic structures show a sudden change from ductile (safe) to brittle (unsafe) fracture over a small temperature difference. Even the best of these steels show this behaviour at temperatures higher than -100 deg C and in many cases only just below zero.
In contrast austenitic steels only show a gradual fall in the impact toughness value and are still well above 100 J at -196 deg C.
Another factor in affecting the choice of steel at low temperature is the ability to resist transformation from austenite to martensite.
It is commonly stated that “stainless steel is non-magnetic”. This is not strictly true and the real situation is rather more complicated. The degree of magnetic response or magnetic permeability is derived from the microstructure of the steel. A totally non-magnetic material has a relative magnetic permeability of 1. Austenitic structures are totally non-magnetic and so a 100% austenitic stainless steel would have a permeability of 1. In practice this is not achieved. There is always a small amount of ferrite and/or martensite in the steel and so permeability values are always above 1. Typical values for standard austenitic stainless steels can be in the order of 1.05 – 1.1.
It is possible for the magnetic permeability of austenitic steels to be changed during processing. For example, cold work and welding are liable to increase the amount of martensite and ferrite respectively in the steel. A familiar example is in a stainless steel sink where the flat drainer has little magnetic response whereas the pressed bowl has a higher response due to the formation of martensite particularly in the corners.
In practical terms, austenitic stainless steels are used for “non-magnetic” applications, for example magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In these cases, it is often necessary to agree a maximum magnetic permeability between customer and supplier. It can be as low as 1.004.
Martensitic, ferritic, duplex and precipitation hardening steels are magnetic.