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Views: 3 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2018-01-29 Origin: www.fuchun-casting.com
What is the benefits and advantages of Cast Irons in Engineering Applications？
1.Available in a wide range of mechanical/physical properties, i.e. tensile strength from 20 KSI to over 200 KSI, hardness from 120 to about 300 Brinell in standard grades and up to about 600 Brinell in special abrasion resistant grades.
2.Good strength to weight ratio.
3.Typically lower cost than competing materials and relatively low cost per unit of strength than other materials.
4.Lower density and higher thermal conductivity than steels at comparable tensile strength levels.
5.Excellent machinability, allowing for high speeds and feeds and reduced (minimal) energy due to the presence of free graphite.
6.Many iron castings can be used without heat treatment (as-cast) but, when needed, can be heat treated to enhance overall properties or localized properties such as surface hardness.
7.Excellent damping capacity, especially in Gray Irons.
8.Chemical analysis can be modified to provide improved special properties such as corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, wear or abrasion resistance, etc.
9.Rapid transition from design to finished product.
10.Capability of producing highly complex geometries and section sizes in a wide range of sizes, from ounces to over 100 tons.
11.Flexibility in design and ability to optimize appearance for sales appeal.
12.Possibility of casting intricate shapes as well as very thin to very thick section sizes.
13.Capability of redesigning and combining two or more components from other materials into a single casting, thus reducing assembly cost and time.
14.Capability of casting with inserts of other materials.
15.Variety of casting processes for low, medium or high production.
16.Reduced tendency toward residual stresses and warpage than some competitive materials.
17.A family of materials capable of meeting a wide variety of engineering and manufacturing requirements (the family includes Gray Iron, Ductile Iron, Compacted Graphite Iron, Malleable Iron, and White Iron).
This is where a batch of steel meets more than one specification or grade. It is a way of allowing melting shops to produce stainless steel more efficiently by restricting the number of different types of steel. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the steel can meet more than one grade within the same standard or across a number of standards. This also allows stockholders to minimise stock levels.
For example, it is common for 1.4401 and 1.4404 (316 and 316L) to be dual certified - that is the carbon content is less than 0.030%. Steel certified to both European and US standards is also common.
There are many different types of surface finish on stainless steel. Some of these originate from the mill but many are applied later during processing, for example polished, brushed, blasted, etched and coloured finishes.
The importance of surface finish in determining the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface cannot be overemphasised. A rough surface finish can effectively lower the corrosion resistance to that of a lower grade of stainless steel.
Various types of stainless steel are used across the whole temperature range from ambient to 1100 deg C. The choice of grade depends on several factors:
In the European standards, a distinction is made between stainless steels and heat-resisting steels. However, this distinction is often blurred and it is useful to consider them as one range of steels.
Increasing amounts of Chromium and silicon impart greater oxidation resistance. Increasing amounts of Nickel impart greater carburisation resistance.
Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used for service down to as low as liquid helium temperature (-269 deg C). This is largely due to the lack of a clearly defined transition from ductile to brittle fracture in impact toughness testing.
Toughness is measured by impacting a small sample with a swinging hammer. The distance which the hammer swings after impact is a measure of the toughness. The shorter the distance, the tougher the steel as the energy of the hammer is absorbed by the sample. Toughness is measured in Joules (J). Minimum values of toughness are specified for different applications. A value of 40 J is regarded as reasonable for most service conditions.
Steels with ferritic or martensitic structures show a sudden change from ductile (safe) to brittle (unsafe) fracture over a small temperature difference. Even the best of these steels show this behaviour at temperatures higher than -100 deg C and in many cases only just below zero.
In contrast austenitic steels only show a gradual fall in the impact toughness value and are still well above 100 J at -196 deg C.
Another factor in affecting the choice of steel at low temperature is the ability to resist transformation from austenite to martensite.
It is commonly stated that “stainless steel is non-magnetic”. This is not strictly true and the real situation is rather more complicated. The degree of magnetic response or magnetic permeability is derived from the microstructure of the steel. A totally non-magnetic material has a relative magnetic permeability of 1. Austenitic structures are totally non-magnetic and so a 100% austenitic stainless steel would have a permeability of 1. In practice this is not achieved. There is always a small amount of ferrite and/or martensite in the steel and so permeability values are always above 1. Typical values for standard austenitic stainless steels can be in the order of 1.05 – 1.1.
It is possible for the magnetic permeability of austenitic steels to be changed during processing. For example, cold work and welding are liable to increase the amount of martensite and ferrite respectively in the steel. A familiar example is in a stainless steel sink where the flat drainer has little magnetic response whereas the pressed bowl has a higher response due to the formation of martensite particularly in the corners.
In practical terms, austenitic stainless steels are used for “non-magnetic” applications, for example magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In these cases, it is often necessary to agree a maximum magnetic permeability between customer and supplier. It can be as low as 1.004.
Martensitic, ferritic, duplex and precipitation hardening steels are magnetic.